PBS NewsHour - 1999-06-07

Channel: malgent

Transcript

Language: English (original, YouTube automatic captions)

[0:00] with Jim Ler has been provided by

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[0:36] Good evening, I'm Jim Lara. On the

[0:38] NewsHour tonight, the Kosovo story.Wami

[0:40] Homeman reports the diplomatic and

[0:43] military developments and a UN official

[0:45] offers some perspective on the

[0:47] continuing refugee crisis. Then, Susan

[0:50] Denser updates the latest on dealing

[0:52] with mental illness. We take a second

[0:54] look at Paul Salman's take on Death of a

[0:56] Salesman, which scored big at the Tony

[0:58] Awards last night, and close with a song

[1:01] by Mel Tormet, who died this weekend. It

[1:04] all follows our summary of the news this

[1:06] Monday.

[1:07] Brought to you in part by ADM. Feeding

[1:10] the world is the biggest challenge of

[1:12] the new century. Because by the time

[1:14] this baby is old enough to vote, the

[1:16] world will have nearly two billion new

[1:18] mouths to feed. ADM, Supermarket to the

[1:21] World.

[1:31] This program is made possible in part by

[1:33] a grant from Travelers Insurance

[1:38] and by the Corporation for Public

[1:39] Broadcasting and by the annual financial

[1:42] support from viewers like you.

[1:44] >> NATO intensified its bombing campaign

[1:47] against Yugoslavia today. It followed

[1:49] the breakdown of talks between Western

[1:51] and Yugoslav military leaders. In Bon,

[1:54] eight foreign ministers worked on a UN

[1:57] draft resolution for putting

[1:58] peacekeepers in Kosovo as Finnish

[2:01] President Atisari assured them Yuguslav

[2:04] President Mallosvich would honor last

[2:06] week's peace deal. We'll have more on

[2:09] this story right after the news summary.

[2:11] In Washington, the first White House

[2:13] conference on mental health was held

[2:14] today. It was led by Tipper Gore with

[2:17] the vice president and president and

[2:19] Mrs. Clinton playing supporting roles.

[2:21] Organizers said the aim was to alleviate

[2:24] the perceived stigma of mental illness.

[2:26] 50 million Americans a year suffer from

[2:29] some form of it. Mrs. Gore said this.

[2:33] We must talk about mental illness in our

[2:35] homes, in our workplace, in our

[2:38] communities, with our colleagues,

[2:40] everywhere that we can because we must

[2:43] uncover those who have it or are

[2:44] suffering with it and encourage them to

[2:47] get the help they need. We must

[2:48] recognize mental illness for what it is.

[2:52] It is an illness that can be treated and

[2:55] it can be treated successfully.

[2:57] >> We'll have more on this story later in

[2:59] the program tonight. Indonesians voted

[3:02] today in the most democratic elections

[3:04] there in more than 40 years. They cast

[3:06] ballots for 462 of the parliament's 500

[3:10] seats. Although ballots were still being

[3:12] counted, the main opposition party said

[3:14] unofficial returns placed it in the lead

[3:17] and its supporters took to the streets

[3:19] to celebrate. The parliament will help

[3:20] select the new president. India and

[3:23] Pakistan blamed each other for more

[3:25] fighting today. The prime minister of

[3:27] India demanded Pakistan remove hundreds

[3:30] of guerilla fighters from Indian

[3:32] controlled parts of Kashmir. The Indian

[3:34] army said 221 Pakistani soldiers had

[3:37] been killed in an offensive. Pakistan

[3:40] said the report was highly exaggerated,

[3:42] denied any of its troops were involved

[3:44] and blamed India for rejecting

[3:47] Pakistan's offer for peace talks. And

[3:49] back in this country, Arthur Miller's

[3:51] Death of a Salesman won four Tony's last

[3:53] night at the annual theater awards

[3:56] ceremony in New York City. It was named

[3:58] best revival of the Broadway season. 50

[4:00] years ago, it won the Tony Award for

[4:02] best play. We'll have more on the play

[4:05] and the playwright Arthur Miller later

[4:07] in the program tonight. Also coming,

[4:10] Kosovo, an update and more on the

[4:12] refugees, a mental health story, and a

[4:16] song by Mel Tormet.

[4:25] Between war and peace in Kosovo Hman has

[4:28] our update.

[4:30] >> For most of today, Kosovo peace talks

[4:33] continued as low-level contacts between

[4:35] NATO and Serb officials at a little cafe

[4:38] just inside the Macedonian border. In

[4:41] Brussels, NATO spokesman Jamie Sheay

[4:43] told reporters not to expect too much.

[4:45] >> We have established, as I said earlier,

[4:47] liazison mechanism which if you like is

[4:50] a way of keeping in touch uh at a low

[4:53] working level to see uh if the Yugoslavs

[4:56] have anything to tell us to provide any

[4:58] clarifications that they may still need.

[5:01] Uh this doesn't mean meetings as such.

[5:03] It just means uh contacts from time to

[5:05] time and uh exchanging telephone

[5:07] numbers. So uh if the Yugoslavs are

[5:10] having second thoughts, believe me, they

[5:11] know which number to ring. Senior NATO

[5:14] and Yugoslav military officers met over

[5:16] the weekend trying to work out the

[5:18] details of a plan to end the 76-day air

[5:21] assault on Yugoslavia and allow the

[5:23] return of hundreds of thousands of

[5:25] Kosovar refugees.

[5:27] Yugoslav President Slovadan Mallovich

[5:29] and his parliament approved the plan

[5:31] last Thursday, but late last night,

[5:34] following 21 hours of discussions, NATO

[5:36] General Michael Jackson announced the

[5:38] talks had been suspended. The Yuguslav

[5:42] delegation

[5:44] presented a proposal that would not

[5:49] guarantee the safe return of all the

[5:52] refugees.

[5:54] >> NATO's Jamie Sheay provided more details

[5:56] today.

[5:57] >> The Serb side did not accept the

[5:59] sequencing of activities as proposed by

[6:02] NATO. a sequencing which in our view

[6:04] represents the only way to ensure that

[6:07] the Serb forces leave and international

[6:09] security forces rapidly thereafter

[6:11] thereafter deployed and the refugees are

[6:13] able to return home uh right away. They

[6:17] are not going to be allowed to keep uh

[6:19] forces in Kosovo above the level

[6:23] specified to them by General Jackson and

[6:26] which is a small level. uh we're talking

[6:28] about a few hundred and not the levels

[6:30] of last October which were a

[6:32] disproportionately high level and

[6:34] anything that goes beyond what General

[6:37] Jackson has specified would be a Serb

[6:40] policeman or a Serb soldier too many for

[6:43] the refugees to have the confidence to

[6:45] go back home.

[6:46] >> Indeed, Kosvar refugees housed in tent

[6:48] camps inside Macedonia said news of the

[6:51] disruption of the peace talks came as no

[6:53] surprise.

[6:55] Mallovich lies. He has offered wars on

[6:58] all fronts in the past, and now the

[6:59] whole world knows, just like Albanians

[7:01] have known.

[7:03] >> After what has happened last night, we

[7:05] have lost all our hope about going home

[7:07] soon. He has signed deals many times,

[7:09] but he has never kept any of them. Now

[7:11] we are in these very hot camps with a

[7:13] 3-month-old newborn.

[7:19] NATO's military planners who said they

[7:21] too expected Mallosvich might stall the

[7:23] talks responded with another round of

[7:25] air strikes against Yugoslavia.

[7:28] >> Let me uh start repeating the words

[7:31] General Jackson finished his public

[7:33] announcement uh last night. He ended his

[7:37] statement by saying the air campaign

[7:40] will continue and he's right. Yesterday,

[7:44] NATO flew over 480 sais against

[7:46] strategic and tactical targets in and

[7:48] around Kosovo and in Serbia proper. We

[7:52] struck a wide variety of tactical

[7:54] military targets, including a command

[7:56] post, an early warning site, a radar

[7:59] relay site, and ammunition storage

[8:02] facility.

[8:04] And as I told you yesterday, our main

[8:07] emphasis again was to hit SH forces on

[8:10] the ground. Targets included artillery

[8:13] pieces and motor positions, plus armored

[8:16] personnel carriers and other armored

[8:18] vehicles. We also struck two battalion

[8:21] sized staging areas.

[8:24] Even so, detailed battle damage is still

[8:26] ongoing. First reports indicate that Zer

[8:29] ground forces in Kosovo had to suffer

[8:31] some heavy losses, especially on

[8:33] artillery pieces and armored personnel

[8:35] carriers.

[8:39] The breakdown of talks did not prevent

[8:41] Secretary of State Maline Albbright and

[8:43] the other representatives of the

[8:45] so-called G8 countries from convening

[8:47] their meeting in Ban. They were to work

[8:50] out language of a Kosovo peace

[8:51] arrangement to be presented for approval

[8:53] to the United Nations Security Council.

[8:56] On his arrival, Finnish President Mati

[8:58] Akdazari reportedly told G8 members he

[9:01] had just spoken with Malloich and was

[9:03] assured that despite the suspension of

[9:05] talks, the Yugoslav president still

[9:07] supports the peace plan. Upon his

[9:10] arrival, Russian Foreign Minister Igor

[9:12] Ivanov expressed some sympathy for the

[9:14] Yugoslav position.

[9:18] >> NATO has gone too far. The withdrawal

[9:20] from Kosovo should depend on the United

[9:22] Nations, but I hope that a solution will

[9:24] be found today. fill it up.

[9:26] >> And reportedly, it was the Russians who

[9:28] slowed progress today on the drafting of

[9:30] the UN resolution. They were said to

[9:33] continue to question allowing NATO to

[9:35] comprise the core of the peacekeeping

[9:37] force in Kosovo. State Department

[9:39] spokesman James Rubin spoke only in

[9:41] general terms about the problem.

[9:44] >> Uh, Secretary Albbright worked very

[9:45] closely with Foreign Minister Ivanov so

[9:48] that we could work our way through some

[9:50] very difficult issues. We've worked our

[9:52] way through many of them. for the

[9:55] >> the G8 ministers met for eight hours,

[9:57] reported good progress and said they

[9:59] hoped to complete their work tomorrow.

[10:01] >> There is no compromise in the draft

[10:03] we're discussing on the churnameir and

[10:05] aftersari text. That text is fully

[10:08] represented in this resolution and none

[10:11] of us are in any way proposing any

[10:13] compromise on that text.

[10:14] >> Russia reportedly has agreed to all but

[10:17] three of the 20 points outlined in the

[10:19] draft resolution. Foreign Minister

[10:21] Ivanov said he's awaiting further

[10:22] instructions from Moscow.

[10:30] Whatever happens on the diplomatic

[10:32] front, the refugee crisis will continue.

[10:35] First, some background from BettyAnne

[10:37] Bowser.

[10:40] The United Nations High Commission on

[10:42] Refugees estimates that 860,000

[10:46] people have fled the province since

[10:48] March 24th when NATO air strikes began.

[10:51] Another 100,000 people left for asylum

[10:54] in European countries before the bombing

[10:57] started. Most of the refugees are ethnic

[11:00] Albanians forced from their homes and

[11:02] villages by Slovan Mallovich's Serbian

[11:05] troops. When the conflict began, there

[11:08] were 1.8 8 million of them living in

[11:10] Kosovo. Neighboring Albania has most of

[11:13] the refugees, nearly a half million.

[11:17] Macedonia is next with almost a quart

[11:19] million. Montenegro has about 69,000 and

[11:23] Bosnia Herzgoina has about 22,000.

[11:27] About 78,000 others have been settled in

[11:30] 28 countries around the world, including

[11:33] nearly 5,400 in the United States.

[11:38] Hundreds of thousands of ethnic

[11:39] Albanians remain inside Kosovo, many of

[11:43] them homeless. No one knows exactly how

[11:46] they are existing. The United Nations

[11:49] estimates as many as 90% of all ethnic

[11:52] Albanians have been forced to leave

[11:54] their homes. In the desperately

[11:56] overcrowded camps in Albania and

[11:58] Macedonia, soaring temperatures have

[12:01] brought new health threats.

[12:05] War crimes investigators have been

[12:07] interviewing refugees, hearing stories

[12:10] of massacres, rapes, and torture. These

[12:13] men said they were beaten and starved.

[12:17] >> They told us to put our heads down. They

[12:19] said they were going to cut off our

[12:21] heads and shoot us and slice off our

[12:23] limbs. Then they started to beat us

[12:25] again.

[12:28] They beat me for 5 days with everything

[12:30] they could find.

[12:33] This mother was terrified as Serb

[12:35] soldiers separated women from their

[12:37] families and then raped 10 women by the

[12:40] side of the road. They said to the

[12:42] girls, "You're beautiful. You're for me.

[12:44] We're not going to shoot you, but we

[12:46] want your families to see what you are

[12:48] doing. They threw the girls to the

[12:50] ground. Then they ripped every part of

[12:52] their clothing."

[12:54] >> Adults and children show signs of

[12:56] emotional trauma. And there are reports

[12:59] of villages burned to the ground and

[13:01] refugees being used as human shields

[13:04] against NATO bombing attacks, but those

[13:07] reports are hard to verify.

[13:10] >> Margaret Warner takes it from there.

[13:12] >> And joining me is Sergio Vieiraa Dlo,

[13:15] the United Nations Under Secretary

[13:16] General for Humanitarian Affairs. Late

[13:19] last month, he led an 11-day

[13:21] humanitarian assessment mission into

[13:23] Kosovo, Serbia, and other parts of

[13:25] Yugoslavia. He came to Washington today

[13:28] to brief US and congressional officials

[13:30] on his trip. Welcome, Mr. Under

[13:32] Secretary. Thanks for coming in. If this

[13:34] impass, this negotiating impass were

[13:37] resolved tomorrow,

[13:40] how quickly could you resettle all of

[13:42] the refugees who want to go back home?

[13:44] >> Well, that will not depend uh only on on

[13:49] us, on the United Nations. You know,

[13:51] refugees as a rule have a mind of their

[13:54] own. And um however organized we might

[13:58] try to make this uh repatriation

[14:01] uh unfold in the next few months, many

[14:04] of them are likely to want to return

[14:06] spontaneously. They are close to home.

[14:08] Kosovo is a small province. Some of them

[14:11] are only a couple of hours away uh from

[14:13] home and it would be very difficult to

[14:15] hold them back provided obviously a

[14:18] security environment is created which is

[14:21] precondition number one for them to go

[14:23] to go home.

[14:24] >> What is your definition though of a

[14:26] secure or security environment? I mean

[14:28] if you take say once the Serb forces

[14:31] withdraw NATO troops are going in at

[14:34] what point would you feel comfortable

[14:36] having the refugees start to return?

[14:38] Well uh as you know the uh international

[14:42] military force that will be going in

[14:44] intends to deploy very rapidly. We are

[14:47] told that within 4 weeks they are likely

[14:50] to have reached the total strength which

[14:52] I understand will be 50,000 soldiers.

[14:55] That's a lot of soldiers for a small

[14:57] province like Kosovo. So I would say

[14:59] that after basically a fortnight it

[15:03] should be uh possible for people to

[15:05] start returning in a climate of uh of

[15:09] security.

[15:10] >> Now will you be able to get them all

[15:11] back before winter? That's always been

[15:13] the big push.

[15:14] >> That's a very difficult question. Um

[15:17] that should be the objective because

[15:19] there is nothing more rewarding for

[15:21] humanitarian agencies than take people

[15:23] back home. So we should try we should

[15:26] try and take them all home before

[15:28] winter. The task is daunting. We have

[15:30] basically three and a half months before

[15:32] the winter sets in. It always happens

[15:34] earlier in the Balkans than in the rest

[15:36] of Europe. Therefore, the the work that

[15:40] needs to be done in terms of uh clearing

[15:43] mines, possible booby traps, clearing

[15:46] unexloded ordinance, uh um procuring

[15:50] building materials, prepositioning food,

[15:53] uh repairing, you know, basic

[15:55] infrastructure, health, uh schools,

[15:59] uh providing them, in other words, with

[16:02] a modicum of support for them to uh face

[16:06] uh uh uh winter, their first winter back

[16:09] home after so many years of tension will

[16:11] not be easy, but we must try and they

[16:13] won't give us uh an option. They will

[16:16] want to go back.

[16:17] >> But will you want to get some of these

[16:19] things in place that you mentioned?

[16:21] Let's just say well certainly clearing

[16:23] mines, but things like getting food in

[16:26] or getting in building supplies. Would

[16:28] you want to have some of those in place

[16:30] before any were allowed back or not?

[16:32] >> Yes. Yes, we have wanted that in all our

[16:35] repatriation operations and it doesn't

[16:38] work that way.

[16:39] >> Uh ideally we should uh have it all

[16:42] ready for them to return and we would

[16:44] then organize their gradual return

[16:48] region by region, town by town, etc. I'm

[16:51] afraid it won't work that way. And

[16:53] implicit in what you're telling me is

[16:55] that UNHCR or the International Security

[16:59] Force, NATO, Macedonian police, whoever

[17:01] is in charge, no one has the authority

[17:04] under international law to block these

[17:06] people from going back.

[17:08] >> No.

[17:08] >> Is that what you're saying?

[17:09] >> Absolutely. And why should we block

[17:11] them? It is their legitimate right to

[17:14] return home, to take possession of their

[17:18] properties,

[17:19] to uh do whatever they can to repair

[17:22] homes that have, as we saw, by and large

[17:26] been uh burnt, looted, some destroyed as

[17:31] have their shops and small enterprises.

[17:34] How can we prevent them from from

[17:36] returning? uh on the contrary we should

[17:38] facilitate their return and take

[17:40] whatever measures are possible before

[17:42] the winter to uh restore a modiccom of

[17:46] normality for them.

[17:47] >> Now you were in Kosovo. You're one of

[17:49] the few um international officials who

[17:52] has been able to go in recently. Tell us

[17:55] more about what they're going to find

[17:57] when they get home. How wide is the

[18:00] devastation and destruction?

[18:02] >> Yes. Well, uh,

[18:05] devastation is, uh, perhaps too strong a

[18:09] word. I think devastation and as we just

[18:12] saw on your screens, is a psychological

[18:15] devastation. The devastation done, uh,

[18:17] to their lives, to their minds, to their

[18:21] mental balance after such a trauma. Uh,

[18:24] but basically the physical

[18:27] infrastructure

[18:29] is still there. I mean bridges have not

[18:31] been destroyed to the extent that they

[18:33] have been in uh in Serbia. U industrial

[18:38] plants that didn't have any military

[18:39] relevance are there. Uh the land is

[18:44] ready to be cleared and cultivated

[18:46] again. What they will find is

[18:50] destruction and burning damage done on

[18:53] to their private property.

[18:55] >> Most of their homes are burnt are

[18:58] looted. uh as I said their shops, their

[19:01] enterprises, all of this will require a

[19:04] great deal of effort on the part of the

[19:06] international community before the

[19:07] winter so that they can actually repair

[19:10] their dwellings.

[19:11] >> All right. And what about things like

[19:13] electricity or water supplies? Is that

[19:17] is I mean you were there. Is there

[19:19] electricity for

[19:20] >> Yes, there is electricity in the main

[19:23] cities of Kosovo. I repeat, not um uh as

[19:29] much damage has been caused to that type

[19:33] of service in Kosovo as has been the

[19:36] case in Serbia. So, in that sense, it

[19:38] might be easier to restore basic

[19:40] services in Kosovo than it will be in

[19:42] Serbia.

[19:43] >> Now, while you were there, you also I

[19:46] read your report to the Security Council

[19:48] last week. You actually interviewed some

[19:50] of the internally displaced refugees.

[19:53] How did you find them? How were you

[19:54] given access to them? Tell us about

[19:57] that.

[19:57] >> We interviewed many of them uh albeit in

[20:01] uh areas that were not necessarily those

[20:05] we wish to visit but um around Puvo in

[20:10] the northern part of the country and

[20:12] Urosvatz in the central part of the

[20:14] country. We couldn't view many of them.

[20:16] They also gave us information about

[20:18] pockets of other internally displaced in

[20:21] the in the vicinity which confirm that

[20:23] there are several hundred thousand still

[20:25] alive and uh waiting for a secure

[20:29] environment to be to be created for them

[20:32] to descend from their mountains and

[20:34] hills and return home. And the stories

[20:37] they tell us are I'm afraid uh uh as

[20:41] terrible as the ones we've been hearing

[20:43] from refugees in neighboring countries

[20:45] and from other displaced persons who

[20:46] have reached Montenegro. Uh stories of

[20:50] terror of uh systematic persecution

[20:53] using all kinds of uh of of means and

[20:56] basically intended to displace them and

[21:00] deport them to neighboring countries in

[21:02] a fairly organized manner. So, how were

[21:04] the people you spoke with, how did they

[21:06] happen to still be there?

[21:08] >> Well, they have been those we spoke to,

[21:10] those who are internally displaced, have

[21:12] been moving around, have been moving in

[21:14] the mountains, in the hills, and those

[21:17] we met have had been regrouped by the

[21:20] Yugoslav security forces in areas that

[21:24] are close to their villages, but they

[21:26] have not yet been allowed to return to

[21:29] their villages. Uh the number of men you

[21:32] know that we've been worried about the

[21:33] fate of men in military age appeared

[21:37] normal. Uh the proportion was normal.

[21:40] Their main concern after what they went

[21:43] through. Their main concern was

[21:44] security. They didn't ask for

[21:46] assistance. They didn't ask for food.

[21:48] They did say that uh many needed medical

[21:51] attention. But their primary concern was

[21:54] their safety. And this safety can only

[21:56] be provided by a strong, credible,

[21:59] persuasive international force.

[22:00] >> And how did their health look to you?

[22:03] >> There was no malnutrition as such among

[22:05] those we saw. Certainly no famine, which

[22:07] doesn't mean that the others that are

[22:10] isolated in mountainous areas are not uh

[22:14] uh suffering from uh food deprivation.

[22:17] But uh they they looked generally all

[22:21] right but with a great anxiety with

[22:26] fear. Uh it was obvious that they they

[22:30] feared every moment of their life in

[22:33] those conditions until an international

[22:35] presence which they were appealing for

[22:38] is deployed.

[22:39] >> Now did you also speak to Serb civilians

[22:42] who were there?

[22:44] Yes, we spoke to quite a few including

[22:48] of course uh the official authorities in

[22:52] uh Kosovo. They are not all Serbs, you

[22:54] know, there are other uh

[22:57] ethnic groups like Turks and gypsies

[23:00] living in living in Kosovo. We we spoke

[23:03] with all of them.

[23:04] >> And for instance, did the Serbs living

[23:05] there were they able were they living in

[23:07] their homes or were they also displaced?

[23:10] Some of them have been displaced in an

[23:12] earlier phase of this conflict last

[23:14] year. As a matter of fact, there were

[23:16] Serb minorities in uh Albanian majority

[23:20] villages. Some of them were targeted and

[23:24] had to leave and have moved back to

[23:26] Serbia. Presumably, they have been

[23:29] returning to those areas in recent

[23:31] times. And what we fear is that um a

[23:36] need for revenge that we hope the

[23:40] Albanian returnees will keep under

[23:43] control might, I'm afraid, push many

[23:46] Serbs out of uh Kosovo in the weeks

[23:50] ahead, creating another internal

[23:52] displacement problem in Serbia.

[23:54] >> What did you find was the attitude of

[23:55] the Serb civilians who were there? I

[23:58] mean I don't know how honestly they

[23:59] spoke with you but

[24:01] >> some of them some of them admitted that

[24:05] uh uh brutalities had actually uh

[24:08] happened. They attributed that to years

[24:12] of isolation, to what they consider is

[24:15] an unfair punishment of the Serb people

[24:18] and to the effect that the NATO bombing

[24:21] campaign has had on the mental balance

[24:24] of of some Serb civilians or indeed Serb

[24:27] policemen and soldiers. But all those

[24:29] explanations even uh if you put them

[24:32] together, if you take them together, uh

[24:35] do not justify the extent of uh of

[24:39] violence that we have witnessed.

[24:41] >> I hate to push you on this timetable

[24:43] thing, but you were quoted today as

[24:45] saying you really didn't think all of

[24:47] the refugees or even a a lot of them

[24:50] could get back before winter. Was that

[24:53] an accurate quote? I mean, uh, I know

[24:56] you say you're going to try, but what's

[24:58] really realistic?

[25:00] Well, realistic might be to stage the

[25:02] returns and depending on the progress

[25:05] that is achieved by humanitarian

[25:07] agencies between now and uh winter to

[25:12] decide how many should return and help

[25:15] those who should remain in Albania, in

[25:20] Macedonia and in Montenegro to face the

[25:22] winter there and repatriate them next

[25:25] year. But this is theory. I repeat, we

[25:28] are not in control of the refugees mind

[25:31] and and will. They might all decide to

[25:34] go back before the winter.

[25:36] >> Has a resettlement of this scale ever

[25:38] been attempted before sort of in one

[25:40] fell swoop?

[25:41] Yes, we have had operations of this kind

[25:43] in other parts of the world. Uh you know

[25:46] Bangladesh in the early '7s, Cambodia 6

[25:50] years ago, Mosambique

[25:53] 5 years ago, we have had large-scale

[25:57] repatriations of this type. So

[26:00] humanitarian agencies of the UN system

[26:02] and non-governmental organizations have

[26:04] some experience. But here truly the uh

[26:08] the time we are given is very short

[26:10] indeed.

[26:11] >> Well, good luck with it. Thank you very

[26:13] much.

[26:13] >> Thank you. Still to come on the NewsHour

[26:16] tonight, mental health, death of a

[26:19] salesman, and some music by Mel Tormet.

[26:30] The mental health story is reported by

[26:32] Susan Denser of our health unit, a

[26:35] partnership with the Henry J. Kaiser

[26:37] Family Foundation.

[26:42] The stigma attached to mental illness,

[26:45] disparity in health insurance coverage,

[26:47] scientific breakthroughs that raise new

[26:49] hopes. All of these came into focus at

[26:52] today's first ever White House

[26:54] Conference on Mental Health. Joining the

[26:56] president were more than 300 mental

[26:58] health care consumers, advocates, and

[27:00] medical professionals. They were proxies

[27:03] for roughly 50 million Americans who

[27:05] suffer from mental illness.

[27:07] >> Clearly,

[27:09] people with mental illnesses have always

[27:11] had to struggle to be treated fairly and

[27:13] to get the treatment they need, and they

[27:16] still do.

[27:17] >> Thank you, Marilyn. No one understands

[27:19] that better than 38-year-old Laura

[27:22] Vantosh, a professional mental health

[27:24] advocate from Silver Spring, Maryland.

[27:26] She suffers from bipolar disorder, also

[27:29] known as manic depressive illness. She

[27:31] was committed involuntarily to a

[27:33] hospital by her mother when she had her

[27:35] first breakdown at 17. There she got her

[27:38] first taste of the insensitivity

[27:41] surrounding treatment of mental illness.

[27:43] I was uh put face down by a couple of

[27:46] orderlys. Um face down on a kind of

[27:50] examination table and tied down both

[27:54] hands and feet um and then um uh forced

[27:59] drugged, if you will, or forced

[28:01] medicated. I'm someone that now even has

[28:05] trouble being in an elevator as a result

[28:07] of being tied down to a table. uh when I

[28:11] was first committed at 17 and um in

[28:15] four-point restraints and shot up with

[28:17] thorine.

[28:19] >> Doctors eventually put Laura on the drug

[28:21] lithium, enabling her to pull her life

[28:23] back together. Stable for the next 15

[28:26] years, at age 35, she suddenly began to

[28:29] experience toxic effects from the

[28:31] lithium. Her psychiatrist cut her dose,

[28:34] but her symptoms of mania returned. One

[28:37] winter's day, Vantosh drove to the

[28:39] airport in her night gown, disroed, and

[28:42] ran naked into the arms of a security

[28:44] guard.

[28:44] >> Luckily, I didn't end up in jail, and

[28:46] luckily, I'm not dead.

[28:48] >> In and out of hospitals for harrowing

[28:50] months afterward, she was finally

[28:52] stabilized again with more medication

[28:55] and psychotherapy. as a result of having

[28:58] healthc care in my life and having the

[29:00] ability

[29:02] um to seek services and get services, I

[29:05] can work now and I'm paying taxes and

[29:08] I'm voting. I mean, I think that we have

[29:11] to realize that

[29:14] if we were to bring people all of that

[29:16] they need, all of what they need to

[29:18] survive and live in this world, that all

[29:22] of us will bring so much to to the rest

[29:24] of the world.

[29:26] >> One person also pushing that message is

[29:28] Tipper Gore, wife of Vice President and

[29:31] 2000 presidential candidate Al Gore and

[29:34] the chair of the White House conference.

[29:36] She recently revealed in an article in

[29:39] USA Today that she herself had

[29:41] experienced mental illness, specifically

[29:43] major depression. That's a condition

[29:46] that affects as many as one out of 10 US

[29:48] adults in any given year. The depression

[29:51] struck Mrs. Gore a decade ago, not long

[29:54] after her then six-year-old son Albert

[29:56] was nearly killed in a car accident. I

[29:59] was clinically depressed which meant

[30:01] that I could not will my way out of it,

[30:03] pray my way out of it, pull myself up by

[30:06] the bootstraps out of it. I really uh

[30:09] need needed a medication and a form of

[30:14] uh treatment which included therapy and

[30:17] that worked for me.

[30:18] >> In large part, Mrs. Gore owes the

[30:21] success of her treatment to recent

[30:22] breakthroughs in scientific research

[30:25] into the causes of mental illness. The

[30:27] last decade has been a time of almost

[30:30] unbelievable progress.

[30:31] >> Dr. Steven Heyman is director of the

[30:34] National Institute of Mental Health. He

[30:36] notes that long-standing misconceptions

[30:39] about mental illness, including the

[30:41] belief that it was caused by everything

[30:43] from possession by demons to bad

[30:45] parenting, have persisted almost to the

[30:47] present day. Heyman cites the example of

[30:50] autism, a brain disorder that affects

[30:53] about 2 in 1,000 people. It produces a

[30:56] wide range of symptoms including rocking

[30:59] and an inability to form emotional

[31:01] bonds.

[31:02] >> The mother of an autistic child was told

[31:04] that the reason the child was ill was

[31:06] because of her unconscious wishes. Now,

[31:08] what mother of an autistic child might

[31:10] not at some time in their life have a

[31:12] fantasy? Maybe it would have been better

[31:13] had Johnny not been born. Well, the

[31:16] upshot of course was not of any

[31:18] treatment benefit, but what it did do is

[31:20] alienate and demoralize and blame

[31:22] families. All that began to change with

[31:25] a flowering of brain science in the

[31:27] 1980s. Thanks to high-tech tools like

[31:30] functional magnetic resonance imaging,

[31:33] scientists were able to see portions of

[31:35] the brain at work as it performed tasks

[31:37] like thinking or retrieving memories

[31:40] that allowed them to distinguish between

[31:42] normal and abnormal brain functions and

[31:44] to see what went wrong in people with

[31:46] mental illnesses.

[31:48] >> Mental illnesses are diseases of a

[31:50] particular organ in the brain. I mean

[31:51] just as coronary artery disease is a

[31:53] disease of another organ the heart.

[31:56] Already we can see problems in

[31:58] information processing in people with

[32:00] schizophrenia. Already we can begin to

[32:02] see circuits involved in normal fear and

[32:07] how they may go wrong in anxiety

[32:08] disorders. And we're beginning to get

[32:11] the first really good research showing

[32:13] us the circuits that are involved in the

[32:15] control of moods and possibly

[32:17] depression. And thanks to the booming

[32:19] field of genetics, it's increasingly

[32:22] clear that many of these brain

[32:23] malfunctions stem at least in part from

[32:25] certain genes. Heyman calls them

[32:28] vulnerability genes. This has turned out

[32:30] to be a very very difficult problem

[32:32] because unlike some illnesses where a

[32:35] single gene which is readily discovered

[32:37] causes the illness in mental illnesses.

[32:39] What we have are multiple genes working

[32:43] together that is with gene gene

[32:46] interactions and also working with the

[32:48] environment to produce illness.

[32:50] >> In other words, a collection of

[32:52] vulnerability genes might predispose a

[32:54] person to a condition like schizophrenia

[32:57] or depression. genes might set somebody

[32:59] up to have a risk of severe depression,

[33:04] for example, but it might very well be

[33:06] environmental events changing brain

[33:09] function that leads ultimately to the

[33:11] disease occurring, to the disease

[33:12] expressing itself.

[33:14] >> And that appears to be what lay the

[33:16] groundwork for Mrs. Gore's depression.

[33:18] Her mother suffered from bouts of

[33:20] depression and thus may have passed on

[33:22] to her daughter a genetic predisposition

[33:24] to the illness. Among other things, Mrs.

[33:27] Score says that was propelled into

[33:29] depression by her son's accident.

[33:31] >> There are many instances in life in

[33:33] which a person can have certain triggers

[33:36] and um I had a number of those.

[33:39] >> In any case, experts say it was an

[33:41] actual change in brain circuitry and

[33:43] chemistry that produced the feelings of

[33:45] sadness and despondency Mrs. Gore felt.

[33:48] By the same token, a combination of

[33:51] psychotherapy and medications apparently

[33:53] restored that function to normal as it

[33:56] does in many who suffer from depression.

[33:59] For example, drugs like Prozac and

[34:01] Zoloft interact with molecules in the

[34:04] brain to increase the level of a

[34:05] chemical messenger known as serotonin.

[34:08] What scientists don't know is precisely

[34:10] how that translates into a change in

[34:12] brain circuitry. We know that it takes

[34:14] often two or 3 weeks for these

[34:16] medications to begin to work. And what

[34:19] we don't know yet, and which is a very

[34:22] important mystery for us to solve, is

[34:24] how is that increase in serotonin

[34:27] changing brain function, almost

[34:29] certainly changing brain structure over

[34:31] the ensuing weeks so that the symptoms

[34:33] of depression go away? Now that we know

[34:36] a great deal about the biological roots

[34:38] of many mental health conditions and

[34:40] stand to know far more in the future,

[34:43] advocates are pushing for health

[34:45] insurance to reflect the advances in

[34:47] science.

[34:48] One is Republican Senator Pete Dominiche

[34:51] of New Mexico. A conservative who's best

[34:53] known as a budget hawk. He's also the

[34:56] father of eight children. One, a

[34:58] daughter now in her 30s was 18 when she

[35:00] developed symptoms of serious mental

[35:02] illness. Demeni claims that many private

[35:06] health insurance policies actually

[35:08] discriminate against mental illness.

[35:10] They do so by imposing limits on mental

[35:12] health care that they don't place on

[35:14] other medical treatment.

[35:16] >> To continue to act as if you are

[35:18] providing health care in an insurance

[35:20] policy and you don't cover

[35:24] severe serious mental illnesses in a in

[35:28] a major way is to say we don't have

[35:31] health insurance. A 1996 federal law

[35:34] that Demeny sponsored did away with some

[35:37] limits on mental health coverage, but

[35:39] others remain. For example, while many

[35:42] insurance policies provide almost

[35:44] unlimited hospital coverage for medical

[35:46] conditions, they routinely cover just 20

[35:49] hospital days for mental illnesses. They

[35:52] may also limit visits to psychiatrists

[35:55] and other mental health providers to

[35:57] just 20 a year. Finally, they may also

[36:00] require patients to pay more for

[36:02] antiscychotic medications than for other

[36:05] drugs. These restrictions impose a big

[36:08] burden on people like Laura Vantage, who

[36:10] now owes tens of thousands of dollars

[36:13] for hospital care that her insurance

[36:15] didn't cover. She has worked out a

[36:17] long-term payment plan with her

[36:18] providers. They said that from our

[36:20] estimate, it'll be at least 50 years

[36:23] before you have paid all of it off at

[36:26] the rate that you're paying now, which

[36:28] is not $5 a month. By the way, I'm

[36:30] paying quite a bit more than that.

[36:32] >> Demeni is now sponsoring a bill that

[36:34] would bar health plans from imposing

[36:37] limits on mental health care that differ

[36:39] from those placed on medical treatment.

[36:41] But some who pay the nation's health

[36:43] insurance bills, including many

[36:45] employers, are worried about the

[36:47] potential cost. Dr. Mary Jane England

[36:50] heads the Washington Business Group on

[36:52] health, a group of 165 large employers.

[36:56] I think for small and moderate

[36:58] employers, uh, they are still concerned

[37:01] that a very small increase of any kind,

[37:05] uh, in their health benefits can be can

[37:08] actually cause them to be less

[37:09] competitive, can really drive them out

[37:12] of business.

[37:12] >> But Dr. England says the concern that

[37:14] costs would explode is misguided.

[37:17] Studies of states and managed health

[37:19] plans that have done away with

[37:20] disparities in mental health coverage

[37:22] show that overall health costs rose by

[37:24] less than 1%. And in fact, she says many

[37:27] employers have found that putting in

[37:29] place broad coverage for mental

[37:31] illnesses can even save money. That can

[37:33] be especially true if it fosters better

[37:35] treatment for depression. actually

[37:37] digital and other companies that have

[37:39] like uh Pittney Bose and Bank One that

[37:42] have put in place uh mechanisms by which

[37:46] we can identify depression early and

[37:48] really have very uh extensive employee

[37:52] assistance programs by identifying it

[37:54] early. They found they've been able to

[37:56] reduce costs for their mental health

[37:57] programs. To set an example for the

[38:00] nation's employers, President Clinton

[38:03] has announced that insurance companies

[38:04] covering federal workers will have to

[38:06] provide full coverage of mental health

[38:08] and substance abuse treatment. At

[38:11] today's conference, he also called on

[38:13] Congress to hold hearings on legislation

[38:15] like the Dominache bill. And he unveiled

[38:18] a new program to improve mental health

[38:20] services in schools.

[38:21] >> We have to do more to reach out to

[38:23] troubled young people. One out of 10

[38:26] children suffer from some form of mental

[38:28] illness. from mild depression to serious

[38:30] mental disease, but fewer than 20%

[38:33] receive proper treatment.

[38:35] >> The National Institute of Mental Health

[38:37] now plans a new 5-year study. It will

[38:40] explore the real extent of mental

[38:42] illness among Americans and the types of

[38:44] disabilities that result.

[38:54] One of the most famous plays in American

[38:57] theater history was a big winner at last

[38:59] night's Tony Awards ceremony. Death of a

[39:02] Salesman took four awards. Best revival

[39:04] of a play, best actor for Brian

[39:07] Denhaney, best featured actress for

[39:10] Elizabeth France, best director for

[39:12] Robert Falls, and playwright Arthur

[39:15] Miller was given a special Tony for

[39:17] lifetime achievement. Earlier this year,

[39:19] Paul Salman profiled Miller and his play

[39:22] For us. Here's a second look.

[39:25] February 10th, 1949.

[39:28] Death of a Salesman starring Lee J. Cobb

[39:31] premiered in New York. Half a century

[39:33] later, Willie Lman returns to Broadway

[39:36] with Brian Denah as America's most

[39:39] tragic traveling salesman.

[39:40] >> Why don't you open a window in here? For

[39:41] God's sake,

[39:42] >> they're all open.

[39:43] >> They boxed us in here. Bricks and

[39:45] windows. Windows and bricks. They should

[39:47] have bought the land next door.

[39:49] >> Lined with cars. Not a breath of fresh

[39:51] air in the neighborhood. The grass don't

[39:53] grow anymore. You can't raise a carrot

[39:55] in the backyard. They should have HAD A

[39:57] LAW AGAINST THE APARTMENT HOUSES.

[40:00] >> This is the play's third Broadway

[40:02] revival. George C. Scott played Willie

[40:04] in 1975, Dustin Hoffman in 1984.

[40:09] >> Willie,

[40:10] >> it's all right. But off Broadway,

[40:13] usually way off, Salesman has been

[40:15] performed nonstop for five decades.

[40:18] Robert Falls directs the current

[40:20] revival. First staged at Chicago's

[40:22] Goodman Theater last fall. They're

[40:24] working on the New York set in the

[40:26] background.

[40:26] >> You can go to Kansas City, you could go

[40:28] to Miami Beach, you could go to a

[40:30] college in Utah, you could go to a

[40:31] theater in Japan, you could go to a

[40:33] theater in the Soviet Union. And this

[40:35] play is sitting in the repertoire of of

[40:37] of the world theaters and of American

[40:39] theaters. It's a play that for 50 years

[40:41] uh has never lost its popularity.

[40:43] >> Playwright Arthur Miller was only 33

[40:46] when he won a Tony Award and the

[40:47] Pulitzer Prize for Death of a Salesman

[40:49] in 1949. The play takes place in

[40:52] Brooklyn during the last 24 hours of

[40:54] Willie Lman's life as he's slayed by his

[40:57] failures and those of his sons,

[40:59] especially the older one, Biff. The idea

[41:02] had come two years earlier when Miller

[41:05] bumped into his uncle Manny, a salesman,

[41:07] after a performance of his first hit

[41:09] play, All My Sons. I was coming out of

[41:12] the theater and there he was. I hadn't

[41:13] seen him in I don't know 10 or 15 years.

[41:17] And uh

[41:20] I greeted him and without a word he said

[41:24] uh

[41:26] the equivalent of Biff is doing very

[41:28] well. Biff, the son of Willie Lman in

[41:31] the play.

[41:33] >> And uh I'm using Biff, but his the real

[41:36] name was not Biff.

[41:39] And uh the idea suddenly struck me that

[41:44] he's living in two different eras at the

[41:46] same time.

[41:47] >> Cuz he's talking about his son, your

[41:49] talking about his son, my cousin.

[41:52] I haven't seen this man in 15 years. But

[41:55] you see what he was carrying forward was

[41:57] his competitive

[42:01] uh race with me between me and his son

[42:06] as of 30 years before.

[42:10] >> And so here you had you had your play

[42:12] and he's saying to you, "Hey, my kids,

[42:14] your cousin's doing just as well."

[42:16] >> Just just as well. It was very touching.

[42:19] same time it was miraculous that the

[42:21] human brain could be running on two

[42:24] different tracks like that. So that the

[42:27] play is filled with these concurrences.

[42:29] >> A little trouble with the car

[42:30] >> where somebody he's talking to a man

[42:32] he's playing cards with.

[42:33] >> I like to take a trip to California.

[42:35] >> At the same time he's talking to

[42:36] somebody who died 25 years before.

[42:38] >> I got to talk to you.

[42:39] >> Having the time where you MAN NOTHING'S

[42:41] WORKING OUT. I I don't know what to do.

[42:44] Now look here. I bought Timberland in

[42:47] Alaska. And I need a man to look after

[42:51] things for me. Tingling me and my boys

[42:55] grand outdoors.

[42:56] >> Assailed by voices from the past,

[42:58] exhausted by years of false cheer on the

[43:00] road, Willie is unraveling.

[43:03] >> He begs his young boss for a desk job at

[43:06] almost any salary. Instead, he's fired

[43:09] from the only job he's ever had. In the

[43:12] end, Willie kills himself as Miller's

[43:15] uncle Manny did not long after his

[43:17] encounter with his nephew at All My

[43:19] Sons.

[43:21] >> For the audience, watching can be almost

[43:23] unbearable.

[43:24] >> Magnificent.

[43:26] >> I see extremely sophisticated, very

[43:29] successful New Yorkers

[43:31] um with absolutely no questions at all

[43:34] about who they are and how far they've

[43:36] come and how right their lives are. I

[43:39] see them dissolved in tears, their

[43:41] shoulders shaking, um, ready to just go

[43:44] home.

[43:45] >> That's also an apt account of the cast's

[43:48] condition at the end of this three-hour

[43:49] performance. In the preview we saw,

[43:52] Elizabeth France, Willie Lman's wife,

[43:54] wept so desperately at the end of the

[43:56] play that when the curtain call came,

[43:58] she was still shaking with sobs.

[44:02] Originally, of course, when it was first

[44:04] performed and people didn't know what to

[44:07] expect,

[44:10] uh they didn't applaud at all for a good

[44:14] 3 4 minutes.

[44:16] >> Three or four minutes.

[44:17] >> Oh, yeah. And then somebody would

[44:19] remember

[44:20] to applaud because there were actors

[44:23] behind the curtain

[44:25] and it would take them several minutes

[44:27] to uh think about it.

[44:30] >> Wow. But you can't sell that.

[44:33] >> For both actors and audience, then it

[44:35] can be a truly cathartic experience.

[44:38] >> But why would a 50-year-old play about a

[44:40] pathetic smalltime loser still resonate

[44:43] so powerfully?

[44:45] >> You cannot come out of it without going,

[44:46] I know somebody like that. That's my

[44:48] father. That's my brother. That's my

[44:50] son. That's my uncle. And that's the

[44:51] work of a that's a work of genius to

[44:53] have that happen.

[44:53] >> Where'd you go this time, Dad?

[44:55] >> Well, I got on the road, went north to

[44:57] Providence. I met the mayor. the mayor

[45:00] of Providence.

[45:01] >> He was sitting in the hotel lobby. What

[45:03] did he say?

[45:04] >> He said, "Morning." I said, "You've got

[45:06] a fine city here, mayor." And he had

[45:08] coffee with me.

[45:09] >> This is a play about a father who loves

[45:10] his son so much that he sort of passes

[45:13] on all the sort of wrong values. If

[45:15] you're liked, if you're handsome enough,

[45:16] if you're charming enough, it's all

[45:18] about sort of surface appearances. And I

[45:20] think that's still a lesson that we see

[45:21] today. I mean, if anything, we live in a

[45:23] society which is far more disposable

[45:25] than ever. that the fact they're always

[45:26] looking for the newer, the hotter.

[45:28] You're going to be displaced sometime

[45:29] for a younger guy, a younger, more

[45:30] attractive guy than you are. I'm going

[45:32] to be displaced for exactly the same

[45:34] reason. Death of a salesman has lived

[45:36] through its share of historical changes.

[45:38] Written early in the Cold War, its

[45:40] cynical take on the American dream made

[45:43] it a political hot potato. When the film

[45:45] version was made in 1951, starring

[45:48] Frederick March, the studio decided to

[45:50] release it with an accompaniment.

[45:53] Columbia Pictures

[45:55] made a film called The Life of a

[45:57] Salesman, which they wanted to show with

[45:59] this with the death of a salesman. It

[46:02] was a short, the brunt of which was that

[46:04] the life of a salesman was couldn't be

[46:06] better. That it was a wonderful

[46:08] profession. Uh people uh thrived on it

[46:12] and there were no problems at all. In

[46:15] fact, the Frederick March feature itself

[46:17] made Willie into a very untypical

[46:19] salesman, a sort of lunatic.

[46:22] >> And indeed, the film suffered because

[46:25] they tended to make him crazy.

[46:28] Uh, and uh, it was a a real

[46:34] politically influenced film

[46:38] and I complained about it, but I didn't

[46:40] have any control over it at time.

[46:42] >> You didn't have any control over the

[46:43] total film? No, but what about this

[46:45] short?

[46:46] >> The short I complained about and

[46:49] pretended I knew what I was talking

[46:51] about and I said, "I'll sue you for

[46:53] whatever I invented."

[46:55] And uh they I think they showed it once

[46:58] or twice, but it was so dreadful that

[47:00] they simply withdrew it. And uh it's the

[47:03] only time that a movie company put out a

[47:06] picture to destroy the film that they

[47:08] had just made. Uh, that's how terrified

[47:12] people were.

[47:13] >> That story.

[47:14] >> This was the terror of the McCarthy era

[47:16] when hundreds of prominent Americans

[47:18] were called before Congress to testify

[47:20] about their left-wing affiliations and

[47:23] name those with whom they'd associated.

[47:25] In 1952, two of Miller's colleagues from

[47:28] the original Death of a Salesman

[47:29] production, director Ilia Kazan and

[47:32] actor Lee J. Cobb, named names before

[47:34] the House on American Activities

[47:36] Committee.

[47:37] >> Raise your right hand. Their 1954 movie

[47:39] On the Waterfront is a sort of defense

[47:41] of their actions.

[47:43] >> When it came Miller's turn to testify

[47:45] before the committee, however, he

[47:46] refused. In fact, he didn't take the

[47:49] fifth, the amendment that protects

[47:51] Americans from self-inccrimination, but

[47:53] the first, the right to free speech.

[47:56] Miller was convicted of contempt and

[47:58] sentenced to a year in prison. The

[48:00] Supreme Court later softened the blow.

[48:03] They suspended the sentence, but I still

[48:05] had to pay a $500 fine, which hurt.

[48:09] And uh so, but I must say that my thing

[48:14] came

[48:16] at the sort of near the end of the whole

[48:19] fever. It was not on the front pages

[48:22] anymore.

[48:23] >> Well, you were on you were on the front

[48:24] page.

[48:25] >> Yeah. Well, they that's why they rung me

[48:27] in. It was to get back on the front

[48:29] page.

[48:30] >> That was the whole thing. The chairman

[48:33] of the House Committee on Unamerican

[48:36] Activities told my lawyer that he'd call

[48:38] off the hearing if he could take a

[48:39] picture with Marilyn Monroe.

[48:42] >> That was the whole thing it was all

[48:43] about.

[48:44] >> You mean it was because you and Marilyn

[48:46] Monroe were married at that point that

[48:47] >> had we not been I would never been

[48:50] subpoenaed in my opinion.

[48:52] >> It was during the Cold War that Miller

[48:54] wrote The Crucible as a parable of the

[48:56] so-called McCarthy witch hunts. It also

[48:59] plays worldwide to this day. His view

[49:02] from the bridge has often been revived

[49:04] as well, and he's been writing plays

[49:06] throughout, many of them critical of

[49:08] American culture, but none more critical

[49:11] nor more popular than Death of a

[49:13] Salesman.

[49:15] So, the doggy dog competitive capitalism

[49:18] that you see in Death of a Salesman, are

[49:21] you more

[49:23] uh resigned to it, sympathetic to it?

[49:25] object to it. But what it formally I

[49:29] thought that a socialist

[49:33] uh solution would resolve some of these

[49:37] problems. The only thing is is that

[49:38] where we have had a socialist solution,

[49:42] it is raised up innumerable other

[49:46] problems that you stand and pause a bit

[49:50] before you really go down that road.

[49:54] >> So you don't know what to do.

[49:55] So,

[49:58] I don't know what to do.

[50:00] >> America's most famous living playwright

[50:02] is better known for his early than his

[50:04] later plays. He's been celebrated in

[50:06] England for decades, but less so in

[50:09] America. Just last week, however, a

[50:12] street in New York's theater district

[50:13] was named Arthur Miller Way.

[50:16] >> I could only park my car there, but I

[50:19] can't.

[50:20] >> But how does it feel to be?

[50:22] >> Well, it feels great. I'm glad that

[50:26] in my own country finally uh this kind

[50:30] of recognition takes place and uh

[50:34] I just am pleased immensely with the

[50:38] with the fact

[50:39] >> Arthur Miller. Thank you very much.

[50:41] >> Thank you Paul.

[50:42] >> I very much regret that I mispronounced

[50:45] actor Brian Denah's name when I

[50:47] introduced Paul's report.

[50:56] And finally tonight, Mel Tormet, the

[50:58] singer and songwriter, died Saturday at

[51:00] age 73. He wrote one classic Christmas

[51:04] song and interpreted hundreds of others.

[51:06] Here's Cole Porter is just one of those

[51:08] things from a 1987 PBS broadcast in

[51:12] performance at the White House.

[51:20] day.

[51:28] It was just

[51:30] one of those things.

[51:33] Just one of those crazy flames. One of

[51:38] those bells that now and then ring.

[51:43] One of those things

[51:46] is just one of those nights.

[51:51] Just one of those fabulous flights. Trip

[51:55] to the moon on gossip wings.

[52:00] One of those things. If we thought a bit

[52:05] about the end of it when we started

[52:09] painting the town,

[52:11] we'd have been aware that our love above

[52:16] was too hot not to cool down long

[52:20] enough. Goodbye. Good luck.

[52:24] Amen.

[52:25] Here's hoping we meet now and then. It

[52:29] was great fun, but it was just one of

[52:33] those

[52:40] day.

[52:44] If we thought a bit about the end of it

[52:48] when we started painting the town,

[52:52] we'd have been aware that our love

[52:57] was too hot not to cool down.

[53:01] Goodbye.

[53:03] Good luck.

[53:05] Amen. Here's hope and we meet now and

[53:09] then. It was great fun, but it was just

[53:13] one of those things.

[53:18] It was one of those things. It was one

[53:21] of those things. It was one of those

[53:25] wonderful things.

[53:29] It was one of those things. Simply one

[53:32] of those things. It was one of those

[53:36] wonderful things.

[53:40] It was one of those things.

[53:46] Merely one of those things.

[53:52] It was one of one of

[53:58] those wonderful

[54:07] D.

[54:24] Again,

[54:38] the major stories of this Monday. NATO

[54:41] intensified its bombing campaign against

[54:43] Yugoslavia. It followed the breakdown of

[54:45] talks between Western and Yugoslav

[54:47] military leaders. The group of eight

[54:49] foreign ministers worked on a United

[54:51] Nations draft resolution for putting

[54:53] peacekeepers in Kosovo and President

[54:55] Mallosvich said Yugoslavia would honor

[54:58] last week's peace deal. We'll see you

[55:00] online and again here tomorrow evening.

[55:02] I'm Jim Lara. Thank you and good night.

[55:10] Brought to you in part by ADM. Feeding

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[57:49] When it comes to free speech, money

[57:51] talks.

[57:52] >> People who don't have the money are

[57:53] going to be turned into listeners, not

[57:55] speakers.

[57:56] >> Big corporations put big bucks into ad

[57:58] campaigns. Some even own news media

[58:00] outright.

[58:01] >> It means that uh you're not going to be

[58:03] investigating certain subjects.

[58:05] >> It's legal, but is it democratic? an

[58:07] unlimited amount of power to spend any

[58:09] amount of money they want to on

[58:10] politics.

[58:11] >> A Bill Moyer special, free speech for

[58:13] sale.

[58:15] >> On OPB tonight at 9,

[58:19] >> from the Atlantic shore to the vast

[58:21] Pacific in America's national parks, we

[58:24] can witness beauty and discover our

[58:27] connection with the natural world. Join

[58:29] OPV for a transcontinental tour of our

[58:32] parks from sunrise to sunset

[58:36] on OPV Tuesday at 8.

[58:44] >> But I'm out on the road again.